How to Setup SSH Keys on Debian 10 Buster

SSH (Secure Shell) is a encrypted protocol which allows client system to communicate securely with a server. You can connect to your system remotely, perform administrative tasks and access files. Communicate with server using SSH keys is more secure and convenient way than password authentication. In this tutorial, we have described how to create SSH keys on Debian 10 Buster system and how to copy it to server using different ways.

Prerequisites#

Before you begin, you should have the non-root user account on your server with sudo privileges.

Creating SSH keys on Debian#

At first, we will create a key pair on client system using below command:

ssh-keygen

By default, ssh-keygen will generate 2048-bit RSA key pair. If you wish to create larger 4096-bit key then you can pass -b 4096 in flag as below:

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096

It should show output like below:

Output
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/yourusername/.ssh/id_rsa):

Hit the Enter key to save the key pairs at ./ssh directory or you can specify location as per your choice.

After that, it will prompt to enter a secure passphrase as below. Passphrase will add an additional security layer to your keys. It is optional, if you don’t want to set then you can skip it by just hitting Enter key.

Output
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):

Next, you will see output as following:

Your identification has been saved in /home/yourusername/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/yourusername/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:+cxkUbcUyFc7jXMHnQNlm/2O8rj+yDyP5Rnt29ov8Bc yourusername@yourdomain.com
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|           ..oB*o|
|           .ooo*B|
|          .  .+=*|
|         . .   o+|
|        S o     .|
|         *  .  E |
|          + .o+ +|
|           o.Oo=o|
|           .O=B=B|
+----[SHA256]-----+

Now you have public and private keys which you can use to authenticate with your Debian 10 server.

You also can verify that your files are generated or not by typing:

ls ~/.ssh/id_*

It will show output like this:

/home/yourusername/.ssh/id_rsa /home/yourusername/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

Copy the Public Key to Debian Server#

Now, next step is to place public key to your Debian server. Simple and fast way to copy public is to use ssh-copy-id utility. Run the below command:

ssh-copy-id username@server_ip_address

It will be prompted to enter password for your username:

Output
username@server_ip_address's password:

Once the user is authenticate successfully, the public key will be appended to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file on remote user and connection will be disconnected.

Output
Number of key(s) added: 1

Now you can try login to your machine with command ssh username@server_ip_address and check that only the key(s) added which you want to add.

If your local system don’t have ssh-copy-id utility installed then you can use following command to copy the public key:

cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh remote_username@server_ip_address "mkdir -p ~/.ssh && cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"

Ensure that you have password-based SSH access to your server then only you can use above method.

Login to the Server using SSH Keys#

Now, you should be able to login to the remote machine without the remote user’s password.

You can try to connect using SSH command:

ssh username@server_ip_address

If you are first time to login then it may prompt you as following. Type yes and hit Enter key to continue:

Output
The authenticity of host '192.168.27.18 (192.168.27.18)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is ed:ed:f4:g9:66:ge:53:48:e1:55:00:fd:6d:d7:22:fe.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes

Now, if you haven’t set passphrase for your keys then you will be logged in immediately without asking passphrase. Otherwise it will be asked to enter passphrase. After successful authentication, a new shell session will open your user account on the Debian 10 buster.

Disable SSH Password Authentication#

You can add one more security layer by disabling the password authentication for SSH. Before starting process, make sure that you are able to authenticate to your server without entering password and must have sudo enabled user account.

Let’s login to your server using ssh:

ssh username@server_ip_address

Now edit the SSH configuration file located at /etc/ssh/sshd_config:

sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Find PasswordAuthentication directive and if line commented out then uncomment the line and set the value to no as given below:

PasswordAuthentication no

Save and close the file. You must need to restart the SSH service using below command:

sudo systemctl restart ssh

Now, password-based authentication is disabled on your Debian server.

Conclusion#

You learned how to create a new SSH keys pair and set up an SSH key-based authentication on Debian 10 machine. You can set up same key to multiple remote hosts. At the end, you also learned how to disable SSH password authentication.

By default, SSH listens on port 22. You can reduce the risk of automated attacks by changing the default SSH port.

If you have any question or suggestion, please leave comment below.